Saturday, November 01, 2014

Blast from the past. Corregidor. Temp-plate for future Airborne/Amphibious Assault Ops?


How many of you know about the Battle for Corregidor?

Not that many huh?  Not surprising.  For some reason the US Army emphasizes its exploits in Europe during WW2 but is silent about what it did in the Pacific. The fight for Corregidor should be required reading for both Marine and Army leadership.

If we are going to fight in the Pacific in the future, I believe that the fight will look somewhat like Corregidor...except we won't have as much naval gunfire...we won't have as much close air support...and we'll still lack armored firepower to take the fight to the enemy.

What caught my attention about this fight wasn't the amphibious assault portion of it. No, what made me pause is how the airborne assault was carried out.  Check this out from HyperWar.
In formulating final plans for the drop, planners had to correlate factors of wind direction and velocity, the speed and flight direction of the C-47 aircraft from which the 503d RCT would jump, the optimum height for the planes during the drop, the time the paratroopers would take to reach the ground, the 'troopers' drift during their descent, and the best flight formation for the C-47's. Planners expected an easterly wind of fifteen to twenty-five miles per hour with gusts of higher velocity. The direction corresponded roughly to the long axes of the drop zones, but even so, each C-47 could not be over the dropping grounds for more than six seconds. With each man taking a half second to get out of the plane and another twenty-five seconds to reach the ground from the planned drop altitude of 400 feet, the wind would cause each paratrooper to drift about 250 feet westward during his descent. This amount of drift would leave no more than 100 yards of ground distance at each drop zone to allow for human error or sharp changes in the wind's speed or direction.
The 503d RCT and the 317th Troop Carrier Group--whose C-47's were to transport and drop the paratroopers--decided to employ a flight pattern providing for two columns of C-47's, one column over each drop zone. The direction of flight would have to be from southwest to northeast because the best line of approach--west to east--would not leave sufficient room between the two plane columns and would bring the aircraft more quickly over Manila Bay, increasing the chances that men would drop into the water or over cliffs. Since each plane could be over the drop zone only six seconds, each would have to make two or three passes, dropping a "stick" of six to eight 'troopers each time. It would be an hour or more before the 1,000 or so troops of the first airlift would be on the ground. Then, the C-47's would have to return to Mindoro, reload, and bring a second lift forward. This second group would not be on the ground until some five hours after the men of the first lift had started jumping.
Think about that.

You're conducting a parachute drop and you're basically circling the drop zone dropping six to eight paratroops on each pass?

This is the poster boy operation for a confined battle zone.  I don't know if today's planner are actually considering the type of land that they're going to be sending our forces to fight over but its going to be extremely compact and that will bring difficulties that are not being properly anticipated.

Study Corregidor.  Its the future of the fight in the Pacific....at least for ground pounders.

7 comments :

  1. Comparable to Ia Drang and the flight times for the UH-1s in and out in terms of air planning factors for ground forces.

    Of course the current Army doctrine is an Airborne Brigade Combat Team from sky to ground in 30 minutes. I have no idea how that would happen on such a small drop zone except possibly a mass tail exit to get paratroopers out of the plane en mass. Everybody loves ramp jumps...

    6 seconds, half a second per jumper, 12 personnel max per pass per stick, two sticks would be 24 jumpers. Still take a lot of passes to get everyone on the ground. Makes a CH-47 based insertion more likely if it is an option.

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  2. You all forget that know parachute can be steered...

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    1. the rigs that SOCOM uses can be steered but then you're not talking about a parachute assault...you're talking about an insertion of small forces. i'm talking mass drops and those things are steerable only a bit....mostly just slipping to the left or right to make sure you don't deflate the other guy. i have no idea about the T-11's and you could be right...but knowing the Big Army...even from afar i would doubt it.

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  3. Sorry, I believed that your army was better equipped than ours... Our conventionnal paratroopers recently switched for the EPC, a steerable parachute :

    The EPC is designed to provide grounding for the user in terms of increased safety and comfort opening and improved as compared to the EPI veil.

    Under the same conditions, the EPC allows landing a paratrooper with up to 165 kg with an arrival vertical ground speed less than that obtained with the EPI for a paratrooper with up to 130 kg .

    The EPC provides two commands for maneuver :

    orient the wing (rotation in the air mass ) to allow a place in the wind regardless of the intensity and direction of the air mass. The parachutist can perform a " PLF " always forward ( simplified instruction and decreased risk of injury )
    more effectively counter the wind lay with the PPE and reduce the landing impact ( fewer accidents ) speed.

    Thanks to its performance speed deployment of the wing and lowering the opening , the EPC allows the airborne drop to below those authorized with PPE height , with the same type of risk class ( time descent under canopy and therefore reduced vulnerability paratrooper ) .

    The performance of the EPC are:

    Payload capacity (maximum total weight of the parachutist equipped with its sheath weapon) : 165kg ,
    Minimum height of drop in training : 200m
    Minimum height of drop in operation : Less than 100m
    Vertical speed of descent stabilized under sail at maximum weight : less than 6m / s,
    Ability to counter the effect of the wind ( airspeed ): more than 2m / s
    Ability rotation: turn in less than 10s

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    1. I'm thinking glider borne for this type operation.

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  4. There was a very good reason why the United Sates Marine Corps of World War two disbanded their Para Marine units.
    This is that reason.

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  5. The T-11 was designed to carry more weight to the ground slower than the T-10. The MC-6 replaced the MC-1 steerable parachute. Small teams use steerable chutes, large formations use non-steerable chutes.

    At tactical altitudes, you aren't going to be able to do much steering even with a steerable parachute. My left foot still hurts from a jump injury I took back in '98, so I for one am glad for a slower descent.

    The safety training standard for the Army is 600 by 600 yards for a single jumper, with an additional 75 yards per jumper beyond that. So a string of 12 jumpers would be 600 + 11*75 = 1425 yards length. I don't know what the wartime minimum is other than "get someone with appropriate rank to sign off on the operation."

    The other option is our "Rough Terrain" jumpers, and while we only have one company that specializes in it in the regular Army, I know that the 75th Ranger Regiment has conducted tree jumps before. It is hell on parachutes though.

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